Exploring Amanda of The Glass Menagerie Essay - 2035 Words

Exploring Amanda of The Glass Menagerie Tennessee Williams has a gift for character. Not many playwrights do, and even fewer possess the unique ability to craft a character as paradoxical and complex as Amanda Wingfield. In The Glass Menagerie, Amanda is a very difficult character to understand because of her psychological disposition. Williams realizes this and provides the reader with a character description in hopes of making the character more accessible to meticulous analysis. AMANDA WINGFIELD the mother. A little woman of great but confused vitality clinging frantically to another time and place. Her characterization must be carefully created, not copied from type. She is not paranoiac, but her life is†¦show more content†¦Even when the reader is shown only small glimpses of Amanda’s personality, he or she should still be able to flesh out her motives through this initial knowledge of her natural state of mind. The complexity of Amandas character directly affects her action and dialogue with her children. In her role as mother she exhibits an overwhelming desire to see her children succeed in life. In trying to push them toward her ideal of success, she at times unwittingly hurts them even though she means well. Her actions often hide her intense love for her children, but it is an important driving force in her motivations. She loves them too well--at times to a point of smothering them (perhaps the reason for the departure of her husband)--which results in her attempt to push them towards all the good things she has known and remembered and away from anything that does not suit her ideal. As Amanda calls Tom to the table in Scene I and comments on manners and habits, we have our first glimpse of Amanda, the mother. She corrects actions much as mothers have done throughout time in accordance with her own sense of importance. Animals have sections in their stomachs which enable them to digest food without mastication, but human beings are supposed to chew their food before they swallow it down. Eat food leisurely, son, and really enjoy it. A well-cooked meal has lots of delicate flavors thatShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Glass Menagerie: An Analysis1556 Words   |  7 Pageson the Wingfield family, the story consisted of five characters: Amanda Wingfield (the mother), Laura Wingfield (the daughter), Tom Wingfield (son, narrator, Laura’s older brother), Jim Connor (Tom and Laura’s old acquaintance from high school) and Mr. Wingfield (father to Tom and Laura, and Amanda’s husband)- who abandoned the family long before the start of the play. The title, â€Å"The Glass Menagerie†, represented a collection of glass animals on display in the Wingfields’ home. At one point or anotherRead MoreTennessee Williams: His Life in quot;Suddenly Last Summerquot; and quot;The Glass Menage riequot;2784 Words   |  12 PagesIn the study of Tennessee Willliams plays: Suddenly Last Summer and The Glass Menagerie, we can find a great deal of autobiographical connections. The Glass Menagerie is particularly considered the authors most biographical work. It is described by the playwright as a memory play; indeed, it is a memory of the authors own youth, an expression of his own life and experiences. Similarly, Suddenly Last Summer includes many of Tennesse Williams real life details. First and foremost,Read MoreHow Does Williams Explore the Theme of Entrapment in the Glass Menagerie?1698 Words   |  7 PagesThis links into the symbolism of the broken glass unicorn in Scene 7, in which Jim attempts to free Laura from her shyness and peculiarity; however, in the end, Jim shatters Laura emotionally, breaking off the horn of the unicorn. Relating back to the era of depression and the idea of ‘escapism’, Tom, as Williams’ protagonist, explores the concept of escape in various forms, such as books, the cinema and his own poetry. For example, in Scene 3, Amanda takes away Tom’s book by D. H. Lawrence, who

Mental Health Couseling Programs - 734 Words

Mental health counseling programs are designed to prepare individuals/students to help clients with conflicts, personal problems, or emotional predicaments. Mental Health counseling has become a wide area of study that is highly recommended to those who are unbalanced and in need of support. Effective clinical mental health counselors acknowledge the differences amongst people and seek to improve their ability to work with diverse people (Gladding el at., 2010). This is very important, especially for counselors to be culturally diverse and to develop multicultural counseling competencies to be effective. The License Professional Counselor role is to provide an environment of self-examination by assisting clients with therapy and therapeutic alliance to support the process of healing. They analyze problems from different angles to provide solutions, by using method to set the stage for change. They must provide a non-judgmental environment so that the client feel respected, and of value to openly discuss life events, behaviors, feeling, and thoughts. The Professional Counselor’s role is to create this climate for the clients to examine their emotions to arrive at solutions that is best for the clients. The professional’s assignment is to assist the individuals in finding solutions that are most corresponding with their own values, not to persuade the clients by imposing their values on the client. According to Gladding and Newsome (2010), community and mental healthShow MoreRelatedBullying Is The Intentional Harm Doing Or Harrasement1110 Words   |  5 Pageshumiliation and isolation (Buylling-Britannica). There are many consequences for those being bullied, such as social isolation, anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, and physical health problems (Bullying-Heathline). Kids who have been bullied tend to be quiet, shy and have a hard time standing up for themselves. The bully needs couseling so they can understand why they do the things they do (Bullying-Topic Overview). Adults don’t tend to be like this. A lot of them, more than likely, will file a restrainingRead MoreCounseling993 Words   |  4 Pagesorganizations, and local neighborhood comprehensive health care centers. For instance, many organization provide counseling assistance through an employee assistance programs (EAP), employment enhancement programs (EEPs), career development counseling within the companies and outplacement counseling (EAPs). Employee assistance program were created with the purpose of helping employees who have alcohol problems. However, the service of these programs has been expanded to provide counseling to employees

Events During The Period Of The Republic - 932 Words

There were Important Events during the period of the Republic: First, the government was headed by two elected officers called consuls who were members of the aristocratic famies or patricians. They served as the executive branch and had supreme civil and military authority. They held office for one year, and then entered the Senate for life. Two magistrates or consuls each consul could veto the action of the other. The Senate that was a collection of citizens and it served as the legislative branch of the government as well as an advisory body. The Assembley of Centuries, which conducted annual elections of consuls, was composed of all members of the army. In this Assembly , the wealthier citizen vited first and had a profound influence. Second, the first stage in a centuries-long was the Struggle of the Order. Patrician dominance of the government began tobe challenged by the plebeian classes who made up nearly 98 percent of the Roman population, and were the victims of discriminatory dicision in judicial trials, which were judged by patricians. The patricians held a monopoly of social, political, and economic power. The Struggle of the Orders --a struggle between patricians and plebeians had the right to vote in the Assembly, but their votes were usually influenced by the patricians. In the ende =, the Roman constitution was modified ti meet a few of the demands of the plebeians, but the patricians retained their measure of full control. Third, Roman religionShow MoreRelatedRoman Art : A Picture Book By Christine Alexander Essay1497 Words   |  6 Pages The Roman Republic is famous for many events, people, and histories. In fact, there have been numerous excavations in which a variety of pottery, paintings, mosaics, statues, and coinage have been discovered from the Republic era of Rome. These numerous items have been analyzed and written about for the purpose of identifying their beauty and creation during the time in which they were made. However, there use as and influence as propaganda has not been fully analyzed. While there might be slightRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book By Nikolaus Pevsner Essay1250 Words   |  5 Pages The second recurring issue is that it is difficult to tell from what time period most art came from. Lots of art pieces are given circa, from a rough period, of about two hundred years, making it difficult for some pieces to be determined as Roman Republic or Empire work. In Strong’s preface to his book, there is an overview about the influences of propaganda in artwork given by his editor, Nikolaus Pe vsner, in the foreword of the book. He states that Works of art, especially sculpture, were partRead MoreThe Causes Of The Soviet Union703 Words   |  3 Pagesofficially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR[9], Russian: Ð ¡Ã ¡Ã ¡Ã  ) also known unofficially as Russia[10][11], was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991. Nominally a union of multiple equal national Soviet republics,[a] its government and economy were highly centralized. The country was a one-party state, governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital in its largest republic, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. The Russian nation had constitutionallyRead MoreThe Republic Of Texas, Texas Essay1584 Words   |  7 PagesThe Republic Of Texas From March 2, 1836 to February 19, 1846, Texas as its own independent country in North America. Those who resided in this independent country were referred to as Texians. 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These seasons include winter spring summer and autumn. The winters are usually long, cold and dry. The summers are very short, hot, and humid. The spring and autumn are pleasant temperatures but also short. South Koreas official name is the Republic of Korea (ROK). The reason for this name is because the government claims to be in charge of Korea as a whole. The government does not recognize North Korea separate from South Korea. The ROK government is ran by a president. The president is electedRead MoreLinda Kerber s Women Of The Republic1269 Words   |  6 Pages LINDA KERBER: WOMEN OF THE REPUBLIC Name: (Class Information): Date:â€Æ' The ideals by the Republicans which came into the limelight after the Revolutionary War would set into motion a revolution not just in the United States but in many countries across the world. Linda Kerber’s ‘Women of the Republic’ is a demonstration of the paradigm shift in relation to the US social and political structures after the American Revolution. Kerber observes that not only did the war provide more opportunitiesRead MoreAncient Greece And Napoleon s France1578 Words   |  7 Pagesthese types of civilizations. To be able to understand Rome’s prominence, one must look at their origins. From there, one can delve into the main culture and analyze the civilization’s height. Did their beginning prompt their success? Did one large event propel them into the international field? Who were the leaders and what role did they play in Rome’s success? Finally, after looking at their success, their downfall must be analyzed as well. How could su ch a great empire fall after generations ofRead MoreThe Impact Of The German Army On The Successes And Failures Of The Weimar Republic1262 Words   |  6 Pagesof the German army on the successes and failures of the Weimar Republic by 1933. The German Army extended significant influence over the Weimar Republic throughout the period leading up to 1933. The Republic failed to gain the army’s complete allegiance and thus the army remained as an independent ‘state within a state’. The Reichswehr’s major influence can therefore be determined to the successes and failures of the Weimar Republic. Germany’s loss of WWI came as a shock to the entire populationRead MoreThe French Revolution And The American Revolution1254 Words   |  6 PagesThe French Revolution was an influential period of social and political upheaval in France that lasted from 1789 until 1799, and was partially carried forward by Napoleon during the later expansion of the French Empire. The Revolution overthrew the monarchy, established a republic, experienced violent periods of political turmoil, and finally culminated in a dictatorship by Napoleon that rapidly brought many of its principles to Western Europe and beyond. Inspired by liberal and radical ideas, the

Integrated Marketing And Consumer Loyalty For Samsung Smartphone

Question: Discuss about the Integrated Marketing Communication And Consumer Loyalty For Samsung Smartphone. Answer: Introduction Turner, (2016) defines Integrated Marketing communication as an element in the marketing mix of any organisation that is used to persuade, inform and remind the product market with regard to organisation of the company products. In this manner, integrated marketing communication will entail the use of various promotional tools and marketing, communication, techniques and advertising services to maximize profits for the organisation. This means that integrated marketing communication is realized with it is achieved through a consistent and concise messaging that will increase consumer affinity and familiarity(Hadjikhani, et al., 2016). The most effective messages will be those that are meaningful to the organisation customs and the branding and messaging consistency which is an important concept in their effort to yield loyalty and customer satisfaction. Early this year Samsung released its new brand of the S series the Galaxy S8 with an integrated marketing communication plan. In thi s manner they were able to profile the identified target market as both women and men between ages of 15-50. The campaign was meant to appeal to customers who use smartphones and also in an effort to retain customer loyalty after the fallout of the S7 series in September 2016(John, 2016). The changing Trend Integrated Marketing Communication Integrated marketing communication was developed to mainly address the need for businesses to offer their clients more than the standard advertising. The 4As originally brought to light the term for new advertising. However, this did not incorporate all the aspects of integrated marketing communication beyond the traditional advertising processes(John, 2016). In the present days the media has undergone a very new phase of development in the recent decades. In the past, companies would concentrate in promoting their products using traditional mediums like the television, newspapers and radio. This has however come to pass and the future of marketing is more digital as the new technologies are becoming a very important part of target customers. there is thus a need for convergence in bringing about a more versatility in the use of communication mediums. This presents a new paradigm shift toward the type of information that will be conveyed by a product on various channels and the increased interdependence of the communication systems and the different ways of accessing contents that are streamed in the media, bringing about a much more complex situation(Hadjikhani, et al., 2016). Literature review Marketing communication usually refer to the way that companies will persuade, inform and remind their customers about their products and service they are selling. This is an emerging and important element of marketing with reference to the rising information overload in the society, where the attention of human beings continue to become a scare of resource. For most industries, people may simply choose to ignore any message that is conveyed by the corporation with no regard to how much will have been spent on the delivery of the messages to the public(Turner, 2016). During the time the messages are not attractive or compelling from the perspective of the consumer. In this manner, the design of marketing will be very crucial in every part so as to reach their customers effectively and gain a high market position than their competitors. According to John, (2016), there are usually six main elements that are used in marketing communication mixes. These include, sales promotion, advertising, public relations and publicity, events and experiences, personal selling and direct marketing. According to John, (2016) the traditional advertising is the basic manner in which businesses and organisations communicate to their customers. In the general sense, advertising entails the non-personal presentation and promotion of products or services from the company that is promoting the goods or services. One of the main reasons companies conduct advertisements is due to the fact that the method is usually pervasive and will always be used to send recurrent messages to the consumer. In particular when it comes to the larger companies, the large scale of advertisements will usually communicate about the size, reputation, power and success of the advertiser. In this manner, the methods are also designed in a way that they will deliver amplified testimonies or experiences to the customers. for Samsung advertising has been one of the key areas of their marketing for new phone releases(Choi Park, 2016). The make TV advertisements to create the awareness of the brand. for example, during the release of Samsung Galaxy S5, together with an advertising agency in Chile, the were able to release funny campaigns showing how exciting the Galaxy S5 is with regard to quality. In the advertisement for example, one will see people who use other cell phone where batteries run out at the worst moment which the S5 allows for power saving(Park Gil, 2015). In this regard, there is also the aspect of online advertising which is now one of the most powerful tool with it comes to integrated marketing communication for the advertiser and the organisation. They can use this channel since people nowadays spend more time online through their smartphones, IPad and laptops. This has made the internet one of the channels through which organisation are able to market their offerings much more successfully. Also due to the veracity of the internet, it will be able to provide any organisation with a chance to interact and reach its target market very fast. A company like apple has been able to produce and Integrated marketing campaign which exclusively target a particular group of customer in a much more successful way with little budget as compared to other traditional methods where companies pay agencies huge amounts of money to conduct advertisements for them. According to (Turner, 2016), the online campaigns have been able to give organisation a new ability to organize themselves due reasons such as the return on investment whereby companies are able to understand more regarding the efficiency and effectiveness of their advertisements by use of analytical tools. Online advertising also enables organisation to have a worldwide reach. Lastly, it is focused on relevance, for example, most online advertising will show advertisements to potential customers that are actively searching for what the product has to offer. Value Proposition Table FEATURE VALUE Improved security The Samsung S 8 is installed with a GPS tracking system that allows the consumer to locate places, drive to desired destination and search for people. There is a new feature that allows consumer to use their retina as part of security. Unique user experience The product has been designed to make it easy for the user to navigate through various applications, document events, browse the internet, chat through social media sites and even access other services. Minimal Design The design is sleek, light and pocket size friendly. This makes it easy for the consumer to move around with the phone, worry less about breakage due to its strong cover and weight. Services at apple store The app store allows customer to access other services that include games downloads, music, applications etc. Performance Its performance is rated high as users are able to move from one application to another without the product slowing down or crashing on the way. The product also has a virus protection system which ensures applications are not corrupt. Methods In this study, the survey method was used. This is a technique of gathering data through asking question from people that have the desired information. In this study, every effort was used in meeting the objectives in specific terms. The study design involved the gathering of information from the chosen sample through interviews. The definition of methodology also involves the gathering of information alternatives that are available to the survey research in addition to interviewing. This involves observation and questionnaires. Surveys were also important in the case of descriptive research studies by using a questionnaire in the most appropriate method. The survey type of studies according to (Abraham, 2015), are usually done with a large sample. This is because it will be concerned with the relationship and conditions that exist, held opinions regarding the product and the processes that will be done on effect to the trends that are developing. In this manner the surveys variables which exist or those that have occurred are also observed and selected . During data collection, this was purposive with regard to gathering information that was relevant to the subject matter which is the integrated marketing communication and customer loyalty at Samsung. The primary data contained empirical observations that was collected by the research for the further use in statistical analysis. The methods used during the collection of data included: posting emails and questionnaires, personal interviewing, panel search and other special survey techniques. This was important as it ensured that the collection of data was straight to the point and that it was descriptive enough(Collis Hussey, 2013). Findings According to the findings, the customer integrated marketing communication and customer loyalty to Samsung product was still very intense. This was especially true given that the company has been facing a lot of competition from the Apple IPhone. As of the present time, IPhone still leads in most of the regions of the world. however, that market leader position with regard to growth was being challenged by the new Samsung galaxy s8. According to Park Gil, (2015), apple IPhone still lead in the market even in their home country in Japan. In addition, it is seen that there is a lot of competitive battle which is intense for both companies. In this manner, online advertising can be one of the best ways that the company will be able to gain more grounds and reach more customers. in this research it was found that Samsung does not have a better formulated and delivery marketing communications mix that will convince the mass public to regain loyalty after the mishap of S7. This difference are perhaps the advantage that apple has been using over Samsung in the past two years(telegraph, 2017). Discussion In the general sense, for Samsung to gain customer loyalty, advertising should be concentrated in both offline and online. When it comes to online advertising and awareness, they will need to generate more traffic on YouTube and Facebook as they are the largest online social networking sites. They need to initiate challenges like the one they did on s8 to apple, Nokia and HTC on Facebook and YouTube for the sake of promotion. In order for the company to attract customer loyalty, they should come up with things like bonus packs for people who buy the new s8 series and exchange their old ones so as to receive their old phone value with regard to the money they will use in shopping for the iconic(Hadjikhani, et al., 2016). The phone should also be featured in worldwide popular channels, talk shows, YouTube channels with most hits among other national and international events. This was done well with the s5 where Ellen DeGeneres was taking selfish with the new product. Whenever this was done by Ellen DeGeneres on stage during the Oscar award ceremony, she was also wielding the s8, live tweeting and taking selfish as she hosted the show. This is all about a celebrity endorsement of a new product. It provides for great PR as millions of people love to be associated with what celebrities love. Even much more better, in their latest advertisement the newest models have been the talk in the news technology segments all over CNN and other media networks(telegraph, 2017). When it comes to direct marketing, it is important that Samsung comes up with a campaign that can promote the new product well. Their main target needs to be people of technological age where they can advertise their products through popular social networks and personal emails. As it is known, market is the most competitive venue for smartphones and especially Samsung after the fallout of s7. In this manner, the company is still fighting to survive and retain customer loyalty for its betterment. In this way, they can eventually beat their biggest rival. To match competitors and be able to survive or gain new markets, Samsung needs to continue doing all their integrated marketing communication(Park Gil, 2015). The first thing will be to work on their TV commercials to ensure that it captures all the features of the new s8 that is not available in other smartphone for example the security features. They also need to create a competitive advantage then sales promotion can be done through offering bonus pack. Other activities like the ice bucket challenge over the social media and other form of online advertising will also ensure that the product is trending and more customer are loyal to the product. Conclusion Recommendations and Limitations In conclusion, it was observed that the Samsung smartphone segment is quite similar to that of apple with regard to integrated marketing communication. However, the strongest point for Samsung is in advertising, which they need to improve especially when it comes to online advertising. Websites need to be designed in a manner that it is attractive and endure the needs of their customer especially after the disappointing release of the S7 series. One of the other focus needs to be on direct marketing through the use of digital media, like emails, which are performed by the company. publicity on the other hand should be increased for the new S8 series so that they will be able to gain more grounds before apple releases their new I8 series later this year. Publicity should ensure that the company utilizes all the tools of integrated marketing communication. They need to focus more on innovation and value proposition of the new product. This should include the advancement of technologies , applications and speed. The marketing communication mixes in this manner will be able to practice consistency, ensure proper delivery and congruency and also reach the marketplace with the required impacts. This is definitely very crucial for the marketers and managers to learn from the outstanding company. Research Action Plan ACTIVITY MONTH 2017 1 Research Proposal May 2 Review of Proposal May 3 Training of Research Assistants June 4 Distribution of Questionnaire June 5 Data Collection June 6 Data Entry July 7 Data Analysis July 8 Report Writing August 9 Editing September 10 Presentation September References Abraham, S., 2015. Stretching strategic thinking. Strategy Leadership, 33(5), p. 512. Choi, S. Park, H., 2016. Investigation of Strategic Changes Using Patent Co-Inventor Network Analysis: The Case of Samsung Electronics. Sustainability, 8(12), p. 1315. Collis, J. Hussey, R., 2013. Business research: A practical guide for undergraduate and postgraduate students.. s.l.:Palgrave macmillan.. Hadjikhani, A., Lee, J. Park, S., 2016. Corporate social responsibility as a marketing strategy in foreign markets: The case of Korean MNCs in the Chinese electronics market. International Marketing Review, 33(4), pp. 530-554. John, D., 2016. Customer-based strategic brand management: past progress and future challenges. AMS Review, 6(1), pp. 17-22. Park, S. Gil, Y., 2015. How Samsung transformed its corporate RD center: a strategic transformation allowed Samsung to leapfrog from technology follower to leader. Research-Technology Management, 49(4), p. 24. telegraph, 2017. Samsung Galaxy S8 and S8+: UK price, release date and pre-order information. [Online] Available at: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/samsung/ [Accessed 12 May 2017]. Turner, P., 2016. Can Samsung's Semiconductor Business Help It Return to Profit?. [Online] Available at: https://marketrealist.com/2016/03/opportunities-challenges-samsung-smartphone-market/ [Accessed 11 May 2017].

Phenomenology and Hermeneutics Research Methodologies

Thesis Statement Phenomenology and Hermeneutics are concepts that are as ancient and central to Islamic perception of interpretation as they are handy in their explanation of what constitutes understanding of interpretation.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Phenomenology and Hermeneutics Research Methodologies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In delineating their central meanings therefore it is imperative to have methodologies that are extensive in their content acquisition and thorough in their clarity since phenomenology and hermeneutics are theories that are deeply seated in the concept of understanding and interpretation; concepts that are central to the previous and current philosophical perception of understanding. These are the discussions that inform the contents of this paper as the two theories are delved into, their explanation through the eyes of different authorities discussed and differences between them analyzed as well as discussing different hermeneutics methods used in Islam. Research Methodologies Academic work often requires the undertaking of research either scientific research or Historical research depending on the nature of research under consideration. The scientific research depends on experimentation to determine the answers to questions being researched. On the other hand the historical research depends on the past documented results in the quest to answer the research questions. The historical research may involve discussing originators of your ideas, the time frames, location and context of the idea and the new evidence you have gathered in a view to answer the research questions (Kà ¶chler 1997). According to Laverty (2003) many fields of academic research have used empirical or quantitative methods which heavily rely on accessible observable aspects. However the limitation of logical-empirical based research methods has contributed to the growth of qualitati ve research methodologies (Laverty 2003). The emphasis on empirical based research was on ‘discovery, description and meaning’ (Stanford University 2003). This was sharply contrasting to the emerging research needs such as ‘prediction, control and measurement’ (Laverty 2003). It is this context that has seen use of several methodologies such as phenomenology and hermeneutic phenomenology among others.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition to this, research methodologies for papers that are involved with collection of data from which conclusions are drawn usually divides them into primary data and secondary data. Each research objective therefore utilizes varying proportions of each form of data (Mantzavinos 2001). Kà ¶chler (1997) states that a descriptive survey approach is used to study, describe, explore and analyze relationships among geographicall y gathered subjects. Thus a survey was the most appropriate method to capture and compare the characteristics of small businesses in Dubai. In the selfsame way, a research paper may adopt a quantitative approach, as economic parameters can be assessed using empirical data (Kà ¶chler 1997). Therefore a quantitative approach is best suited to meeting the research objectives, as it aims at gathering, analyzing and measuring data from a large sample to test the relation between different variables. Stratified and simple random sampling procedures can be used in selecting the study sample. Stratified random sampling also ensures subgroups in the population were proportionally represented while simple random sampling was used to select respondents within the subgroups entirely on the basis of chance. Primary and secondary data are usually also collected and primary data can be collected by questionnaires, which may include structured and unstructured questions, and interviews, which are used to collect data immediately. Secondary data can be collected through a review of published and unpublished materials, such as articles, seminar papers, government policy papers, conference proceedings, business journals, textbooks, statistical abstracts, newspapers and periodicals. Secondary sources are useful as the suggestions of different authors on the research topic could be adopted and/or modified to recommend the way forward for the topic of interest. Upon completion of collection of data using the above methodologies, the main data obtained is coded into some analyzing software such as SPSS statistical software which is used for analyzing the data so as to present it more clearly and make conclusions and inferences (Mantzavinos 2001).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Phenomenology and Hermeneutics Research Methodologies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Phenomenology and Hermeneutics Hermeneutics can also be defined simply as the theory of understanding or interpretation. As will be indicated later on in the paper, according to Stanford University (2003) phenomenology has been defined as the study of structure of conscious experiences from a subjective first person perspective within relevant enabling conditions. There were several factors that contributed to the general understanding of the theories some which are captured below: Identification of tradition – it was the Aristotelian rhetorical tradition that set the foundation of the understanding of these theories and in modern times, Clavis Scripturae Sacrae of Flacius Matthias’ (1657) has been credited with laying the foundational understanding of the concept of interpretation. In his book, Matthias argued for instance that when the understanding of scripture was hard, teaching was the approach that was taken to resolve the standoff and not merely ecclesial pronouncement (Mantzavinos 2001). Classical Philology – renaissance was a concept that drew a lot of attention to discovery of classical texts. With these discoveries, it was imperative to read whatever fragments that had been obtained and try to make meaning of them which heavily depended on proper understanding of the tenets of interpretation (Mantzavinos 2001). Jurisprudence – this was mostly overt during the 533 BC attempt to harmonize judicial systems of the early world mainly the Roman’s Code of Justinian. This attempt let to the need of there being proper understanding of what interpretation really constituted (Mantzavinos 2001). Philosophy – the concept of hermeneutics specifically was greatly introduced into human philosophical understanding and argument when philosophy had a glimpse into human experience. It was created at a time when there was a bloom in the search of knowledge and understanding and many scholars derived and invented theories to explain different human phenomena.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This spree to understanding brought a lot of jostling and argument which then necessitated the need to have a generalized way of interpretation of the many theories and philosophies that were being surmised (Mantzavinos 2001). According to Stanford University (2003) phenomenology has been defined as the study of structure of conscious experiences from a subjective first person perspective within relevant enabling conditions. A conscious experience is thought to be two pronged consisting of an object and a subject (Mantzavinos 2001). The object acts on a subject. It emphasizes on the appearance of things in our conscious or experiences. Conscious experiences are determined by the ability to be aware of the experiences. They can either be passive experiences or active experiences. Critical to these subjective experiences is the aspect of intentionality of the experiences in their direction towards an object (Stanford University 2003). The key elements of phenomenology include the subj ective first-person perspective of the experiences, the consciousness of those experiences and the intentionality of the experiences (Stanford 2003). Franz Brentano one of the most prominent phenomenologist conceptualized phenomenology in distinguishing mental awareness from non-mental awareness. In this context intentionality of the conscious experiences is the hallmark of mental awareness. The intentionality of the conscious experiences contextualized in reflective analysis may involve temporal awareness, spatial awareness, self-awareness, awareness of self in different roles among other reflective analysis awareness (Stanford University, 2003). There are conditions that nurture the intentionality of the conscious experiences such as social cultural background, language, among others (Stanford University 2003). In the context of human sciences research phenomenology distinguishes appearances from essence (Phenomenology online 2010). It attaches importance to the nature and meaning of something thus deviating from empirical observations (Phenomenology online 2010). It replaces the theoretical empirical observations with the conscious experiences from the subjective first person perspective. Hermeneutics can be defined as the theory, art and practice of interpretation of texts with a view of understanding them (Phenomenology online 2010). Hermeneutics is widely used in the study of religious and classical texts where there maybe misunderstanding. The interpretation of text was considered in three ways. â€Å"The hermeneutic of the letter involved the grammatical interpretation of the text while the interpretation of the subject matter of the text is referred to as the hermeneutic of the sense† (Phenomenology online 2010, p.1). The hermeneutic of the spirit considers the context in which the author wrote the text. On the other hand Hermeneutic phenomenology encompasses both the hermeneutic methodology and the phenomenology methodology. This methodology i nterprets the experiences. Examination prominent phenomenology viewpoints Wilhelm Dilthey Wilhelm Dilthey considered the understanding of a text as an understanding of the expression of lived experience (Phenomenology online 2010). He reject the linguisticality hypothesis that separated the linguistic aspects of humanity from its understanding and interpretation. He held the notions that the expression of linguistic aspects of humanity that is speaking and hearing or writing and reading is a continuous process with the understanding and interpretation of the subject of the linguistic expressions. The expression and the understanding takes place simultaneously. Hans-Georg Gadamer Hans-Georg Gadamer views the interpretation and the meaning of a text as inseparable. He further argues that understanding of a text is achieved from a specific interpretation of a text. The language is considered as a medium in which understanding occurs and as such they are intertwined. Gadamer attached gr eat importance to the conditions that may affect the interpretation of a given text such as social cultural background (Laverty 2003). Interpretation is seen as bridging the gap between the meaning of the text and the expectation of the interpreter in relation to the text. He advocates for the questioning of the meaning of the text in coming with different interpretation in a process that one may be detached from the author’s intended message. He views understanding a text to be more than reconstructing the author’s thoughts but a process that one must relate with his own experiences (Laverty 2003). The interpretation of the text is done from three dimensions; historical, philological –literary and dogmatic dimensions. The philological dimension may involve the provisions of language structure while the dogmatic dimensions may involve coming up with a new interpretation of the text. Paul Ricoeur Paul Ricoeur is widely credited with linking of the Hermeneutics an d phenomenology methodologies. Paul Ricoeur’s thoughts are captured in some of his works such as ‘The conflicts of interpretation’, ‘Interpretation theory’ and ‘Interpretation and ideologies’. The similarities and differences between Hermeneutics and Phenomenology Both the phenomenology and hermeneutic phenomenology are derivatives of Germany philosophy intended to overcome the limitations of empirical scientific research (Laverty 2003). The two methodologies question the scientific view of the world from a Cartesian dualism perspective which split the body from the mind. Both view the body and mind as one whole. Differences between the phenomenology and hermeneutics occur in epistemological, methodological and ontological perspectives. Phenomenology examines the correlation of the knower and study object (Masson 2008). The hermeneutics on the other hand focuses on the nature of reality of the subject matter. While the phenomenology prov ides for bracketing that is the separation of an individual from the experiences he undergoes hermeneutics doesn’t make this distinction (Peirce 1958). The differences in the phenomenological and hermeneutics as research methodologies are several. Phenomenological research describes the meaning of the experiences while hermeneutics traces the development of the effects of the experiences on human from a historical perspective (Laverty 2003).It interprets the historical meaning of the experiences while the phenomenological research describes it. The phenomenology research is foundationalist in nature as it seeks interpretation of text independent of the interpreter’s social cultural position while the hermeneutic research takes this position into play (Laverty 2003). Hermeneutics methods in Islamic studies Al-Ghazali developed rules of reading the Quran that would enhance the interpretation of text and hence its understanding (Kamal 2004). The study of Islamic hermeneut ics is contextualized in two forms. The first school of thought holds that Quran can be independently read without the aid of previous interpretations by different scholars while the second school of though holds the contra (Kamal 2004). The author of a revealed sacred book such as Quran is devoid of historical, space and time conditions which contrast’s to the reader who is bound by these conditions (Kamal 2004). The holy Quran gives conditions of which it must read by specifying that the believer must be clean. In warning against contravention of this rule it may induce fear (Kamal 2004). Other conditions imposed in the reading of the Quran is the Prophet Muhammad’s traditions, conditions in the Quran itself and the opinions of the early generations of Muslims (Kamal 2004). Kamal (2004) examines on whether these conditions do affect the hermeneutics of which the Quran is considered as opposed to any other ordinary text. Several factors influenced Al-Ghazali in his de velopment of the standard rules of reading Quran including the scholar’s of his time, Islam dogmatic doctrines and rational (Masson 2008). He examined every doctrine available rejecting those he found inadequate forming a ground new ways of treating the subject matter. He faced epistemological challenges in his treatment of empirical aspects of his work. He rejected rationalism and considered reason insufficient in the understanding of the meaning of Quran (Kamal 2004). It is in this context that he considered God as ‘primarily will rather than logos (Knowledge)’ (Kamal 2004). According to Kamal (2004) Al-Ghazali’s hermeneutic position can be perceived in the following ways. In the understanding of the Quran the hermeneutic is devoid of any preconceptions and rules and gives provision for both explicit and implicit meaning of the text. â€Å"It also allows for emotional adjustments to the reading of the Quran as well as mystical aspect in the interpretati on of the Quran† (Kamal 2004, p. 41). Al-Ghazali set several conditions for the proper understanding of the Quran. He advocates the reading of the Quran free from the external influences such as religious commentaries, and religious school’s dogmas and commonly held interpretation of the verses. He also advocates the freeing of the mind and body from sin and worldly possession desires (Kamal 2004). According to Kamal (2004) the interpretation of the Quran is tied to five different levels of awareness or existence. These include sensory, analogical, essential, mental and imaginative. These five dimensions are critical in the textual interpretation and consequently understanding of the Quran according to Al-Ghazali (Kamal 2004). The essential existence refers to the existence that is beyond humanly understanding of which he can only relate to in form of images. These may include concepts that may not be understood or reasoned out but must be accepted as they are presented in the Quran (Kamal 2004). The sensory existence on the other hand is the existence in the dreamland. According to Kamal (2004) the imaginative existence involves the mental imagery of an object which is not in the vicinity of the sensory jurisdiction. The mental existence functionalizes the object (Mantzavinos 2001). Relationship between humanities and sciences The philosophy discipline is one of the humanities that try to bridge the gap between humanities and sciences (Priel 2010). Philosophers has used scientific methods in the arguments. In the context of the relationships between the humanities and sciences there have been two commonly held perceptions. There is the Naturalism viewpoint which holds that both the natural sciences and social sciences are similar in their methodological use. On the other hand the Anti Naturalism holds the view that the social sciences have distinguishing properties from the natural sciences. There have been several debates on whether the scientif ic methods in natural sciences may be used in social sciences. While some scholars argue that scientific methods can be used in social sciences other argue that it is necessary to use the scientific methods for social sciences (Priel 2010). The challenges of using scientific methods for social sciences are many. It has been observed that various natural sciences employ different methodologies for the treatment of empirical observations. It therefore follows that for the use of scientific methodologies for social sciences there must be some level of generality in the methods free from the specifics of individual natural sciences disciplines (Priel 2010). The minimum but not sufficient conditions of a scientific inquiry include a criterion for empirical testing, the logical steps for the empirical testing and the open door policy to criticism and evaluation. However there are other aspects of scientific studies that vary between disciplines. This may include explanations of observed e mpirical results, the qualitative methods, the use of predictions and the logical reasoning in arriving at a decision. These kinds of differences in natural sciences methodologies have given rise to two school of thoughts; positivists and antipositivist philosophers. Positivists hold the view that the scientific method that is the various techniques of observing phenomena with a view of obtaining knowledge is the best way of obtaining knowledge in both social and natural sciences. In this context the scientific method is seen to replace the metaphysical way of obtaining knowledge. According to Priel (2010) there are four critical elements in the conceptualization of positivists view. These include Anti-historicism, scientism, materialism, and a minimal language analysis in the understanding of text. Scientism occupies itself with the observance of scientific methods in the attainment of knowledge. While the scientific methods may vary from one scientific disciplines the common denom inator is the detachment of the researcher from the phenomenon under consideration. On the other hand materialism holds the belief the world is composed of physical elements. The positivists reject the notion of understanding of things from a historical perspective. They also downplay the role of language analysis in the understanding of things. Positivist always advocate for the breaking of the phenomena into different components in order to enhance their understanding (Jones 2000). In summary on the other hand, the antipositivists are seen to reject at least one of the following four notions (Priel 2010). Holism; this view holds that the human actions are understood from cultural context. Internal understanding; this understanding is not dependent of the external observations of an objects but it depends on the meaning attached to it. Historicism; this attempt to understand phenomena from its historical development. The role of language analysis in the understanding of the phenom ena is seen to be very critical (Jones 2000). References Jones, L., 2000. Hermeneutical Calisthenics: A Morphology of Ritual-Architectural Priorities. Cambridge Mass: Harvard University Press. Kamal, M., 2004. Al-Ghazali’s Hermeneutics and Phenomenology. Web. Kà ¶chler, H., 1997. Philosophical Foundations of Civilizational Dialogue: The Hermeneutics of Cultural Self-comprehension versus the Paradigm of Civilizational Conflict. International Seminar on Civilizational Dialogue, 2(1), pp.12-33. Laverty, S., 2003. Hermeneutic Phenomenology and Phenomenology: A comparison of historical and methodological considerations. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 2(3), pp.12-34. Mantzavinos, C., 2001. Naturalistic Hermeneutics. Cambridge: University Press. Masson, S., 2008. The Hermeneutic Circle. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Peirce, C., 1958. Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, vols. 1–6: Charles Hartshorne and Paul Weiss (eds.). Cambridge, MA: Harv ard University Press. Phenomenology Online, 2010. Web. Priel, D., 2010. Jurisprudence between science and the humanities. Web. Stanford University, 2003, Phenomenology. Web. 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A Universal History essays

A Universal History essays There were many philosophers throughout time who sought constantly to identify a Universal History. These philosophers believed in continuity. History to them was a progressive revelation of the way the universe was structured and through this belief, they felt better able to explain mans origin and purpose in life as a whole. Not all philosophers followed or studied Universal Histories as can be seen in the times of Greek antiquity. The philosophers and writers of antiquity never ventured in the writings of Universal Histories, even though the philosophical and historical traditions of the Western world began in Greece. They only acknowledged a cyclical view of History, not one of continuity. Through the politics of the well known philosopher Aristotle, we see that he firmly believed that no regime could ever satisfy man completely, but that man, through being dissatisfied would constantly replace one regime with another, hence his belief that history was a never ending cycle. Plato also spoke in the Republic of regimes having certain natural cycles. The Greek view of that time therefore showed history was not secular but cyclical (Fukuyama 1992, p55 thought. The first Universal Histories we see came from Christianity in the Middle Ages. Christians were the first in presenting the idea that through the eyes of God, man was equal to one another and that people all over the world shared in the same destiny. Christianity introduced the concept of a history that was finite in time, beginning with Gods creation of man and ending with his final salvation (Fukuyama 1992, p56). For Christians there was a definite belief of there being a day of judgement sometime in the future, where all earthly history would cease to exist and the universe would be no more. These beliefs describe a ...

All Politics is Local Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

All Politics is Local - Essay Example Moreover, games both online and offline and smart phones are getting attention of learners. (Wagner et al.3) Laptops, videotapes, flash drives, cell phones, cell phones, networks, printers, tablets, computers, scanners, class management software programs, interactive whiteboards, internet technology and gaming consoles have one way or the other affected today’s schools. They have created a division in education system globally. In some way, technology use has serve schools well; modern technology has equalized educational opportunities and is playing an important role in all stakeholders who include parents, students, administrators, teachers, and school communities. For instance, Modern technology has removed geographical and generational barriers from learners; it has also lowered the cost of operational and instructional delivery of modes. This has also facilitated student-center education by allowing student to be more actively involved in technology-driven studying proces s and improve the quality of education aiming at individuals and it has made easier for remedial classes among individual students. Technology has been revolving in order to make studying process more efficient at a manageable cost. This has made legislators, policymakers, governors to have a tough time each year while trying to make attractive choices when it comes to educational improvement options. They have to know whether to use technology to invest in teacher training, class size reduction, or textbooks and tests. First, let us focus how technology has eliminated geographical and other barriers; internet connection has enabled everyone to get any online programs from any place in the globe it has brought impact in educational system. Any location someone is even it is overseas, one can access online program easily. Actually, the isolation or the geographical distance does not matter as it once did. The unseen web has, made a sense of togetherness possible to the whole world, b ecause the virtual classrooms have taken away geographical and time separation across the world. The classes are now archive, whereby someone can hold more jobs a day and later view or listen to class work later. In addition, modern institutions offer massive open online courses for free in order to reach on students from anywhere free so that they can cut the cost o education. Secondly, modern technology has reduced the cost of instructional operation; the overall operational cost of running a school has reduced by far with the use of modern technology. We know that running a brick and mortar school is costly than running an online school. No money I needed to invest in building infrastructure such as dormitories, library, classrooms, and other needed facilities such as parking lots. We do not need all this facilities in online programs, for instances, we can have ebray or cbrary created from consortium of schools from online school. Cybrary will make students who are registered to get resources of this consolidated library. Modern technology enables students and schools to leave behind a very small copy of carbon footprints as stunts do not go anywhere thus saving gas and making their cars to last because there is no wear and tear. The money saved from gas, for instances, can be used to upgrade the laptops o purchasing a quicker internet service provider. The initial cost of putting an online I very cheap compared to starting a traditional school. There is no need of many material things in starting